麻醉药陷阱
当你开始抱怨身体某个地方疼痛时，医生让你从诊室出去的最容易的方法就给你开一个止痛药方，里面包含像维可丁或奥施康定的麻醉成分。这些药品相对容易获得，也比较容易让人接受，但若是慢性疼痛就绝不能使用。麻醉品成瘾是在不知不觉中的。药物会让你改变，并且随着时间的推移，它们会使任何疼痛变得更严重。除非是患急性、短时的疼痛，否则一定要远离这些药品。如果你已经开始使用并有了依赖性，一定要设法摆脱掉！
香豆定（Coumadin）的风险
我认为，有一种药它使用后的并发症及副作用还远远没有被公开发布，它就是血液稀释剂（blood-thinner Coumadin ），也叫华法令(warfarin)。如果开始使用它了，你的医生应通过定期血液检查不断监测其影响（至少每月一次）。即使你已经连续几年都服用相同剂量，它还有可能突然使你的血液一定程度上变薄，因为你身体状况发生了变化，可能是饮食或基本新陈代谢的改变所致。这可能导致严重的并发症，比如消化道出血、中风和脑出血。
他汀类药物的副作用
数以百万计的美国人采用他汀类药物降低胆固醇。这些药物常见的副作用包括肌肉疼痛和酸痛。通常这些影响只是让人很不舒服，但有些患者会肌肉无力，尤其是在腰臀部，会让人感到非常虚弱。我的结论？副作用不会消失即使你停止服用这些药物。整形外科医生早就看到这些，认为值得关注，但很多医生却视而不见。如果你的治疗中开始使用此类药物，就要警惕了，如果有病情加重或不适症状就一定要跟医生反映，要求换掉或停用。
推迟治疗
大多数人在胸痛、腹痛、头痛的时候会及时就诊，但有些病人不太在意身体某些部位的疼痛、麻木或无力，尤其是四肢的，这可能是原来越严重的信号。可能是由于骨折、感染或神经损伤引起的，需要立即看医生。很多患者由于忽视神经腕骨隧道、肌腱、肩袖撕裂，认为没什么大不了的，从而损害了自己的长久健康。不要等到手麻木到指甲上、膝盖痛变成关节炎、臂上的黑斑变成转移性癌，到那时才就医就晚了。太男子气或害怕去看医生？太糟糕了！决不能再等了。
带伤运动
当撕裂、扭伤或被碰破，你需要安静坐下来，而不是伸展、揉捏、出汗或做事情。大多数患者错误地把机能损伤归结于缺乏锻炼的结果。因此他们被认为是过度运动损伤，如肌肉撕裂和应力性骨折，这会延长痛苦和推迟痊愈好几个月。一个很好的经验法则：除非压痛（当你压肌肉或关节）都不见了，否则不做伸展或艰难的动作。
谷歌滥用
我们看到有很多渴望痊愈的患者使用网络，他们试图利用计算机引导自我治疗。通常情况下，患者进行彻底、积极、全面的研究，但最终仍然缺乏医疗基础知识，这拖延了他们的康复、偶尔会造成损害。是的，几个晚上的检索、搜集可能使你比医生更了解一个具体问题——你也更有发言权。但请记住，大部分被放在互联网上的医疗信息，最终是为了赚钱——它们中的很多根本就不是信息。在网络上有如此多的医疗资讯纯粹是胡扯，除非你确实行医，否则很难辨认。医生有一个真正的优势：我们可以知道这个治疗是否有效并安全，因为我们是在真实世界里看到它、使用它、研究它。（尽管我们这个行业有声望的杂志和教科书可能让人费解、自相矛盾、有时简直是错误的。）如果你想成为自己的医生，申请医学院校吧——它比较容易进，因为目前的费用已经在下降。
太多的专家门诊
喉咙痛，背痛，头痛和支气管炎不需要单独去耳鼻喉科，整形外科，神经科和肺内科治疗，除非内科没有使症状好转。如果你坚持让专科医生来一一治疗本来一个综合科就能搞定的症状，通常最后要经过你原本不需要的检查和治疗，不仅会使你额外紧张，而且还会推迟治疗，因为专家门诊是需要预约的（说不定你的支气管炎因此转成了肺炎）。你可能还会损害免疫细胞，它们可是身体抵御疾病入侵最重要的壁垒。
给病人太多选择
“我的医生说这里有三个不同的治疗方案和两个不同的化疗方案，我不得不从中做出选择。”医生在给患者授权的幌子下使他们处于不公平的地位。选择的自由是必要的，但它往往在医药上被用于抵消医生的责任。经常询问你的医生“什么的最佳选择，为什么？”或“你会怎样做，为什么？”如果你信任你医生的判断力和职业素养，就依赖他或她多年经验告诉你的选择。你的医生应当能够指导你。如果你根本就不信任你的医生，请立即转身离开。
精细打量你的健康计划
你很轻易地每年花费数百美元买进每天依靠的健康计划，但你可能根本不知道自己获得的是什么。你不知道该向谁提问，不知道谁是你指定的初级保健医生，不知道允许该计划之前有多少物理疗法，不知道在国外是否有紧急情况医疗保险。患者经常问我，他们的计划是否包括这个或那个，我不知道。当他们被要求扣除或上缴税费时，会表示出震惊和恐惧。但这本没什么值得奇怪的，你的健康计划本身就是被用来谋取利润的手段。（医生在正常的程序上的少量报酬也可能出乎你的意料：300美元做阑尾切除手术）
慢性病和夸大了的过敏
翻阅了尽可能多的医院病历，我发现很多病人用的药物已多年没有改变。没有人告诉你许多药物，特别是抗高血压药、抗凝血剂和抗抑郁药物，可能一年或两年后就不再需要，也没什么效果了。他们往往降低你服用这些药物的剂量——这也降低副作用的风险。因此，养成和你的医生一起重新审视清单中药品的习惯，看看是否能偶尔削减剂量。
最后，说说药物问题和过敏。跟踪病人过敏已成为医学实践重要的技术，现在我们有很大的、昂贵的计算机系统使其维持连贯性。问题是护士和医生只是录入你的描述，如果你说你对某种药物过敏，一旦它被记录到图表和电脑里，就不太可能改变了。只要确保你的记录上对这种药物过敏。如果有一次你因为使用了特定的药丸后肚子痛，但实际上因为吃了某种不清洁的食物，如果你实际上真正需要这种药，医生不会开给你的。
作者Scott Haig博士是哥伦比亚大学整形外科学院的助理临床教授，他在纽约地区有私人诊所。
2009年3月28日星期六
2009年3月12日星期四
五招造就绝世思维
原作：汤姆.欧里锐
10岁的小学生们坐满了整间教室，他们得按照要求解决一个关于上学途中安全过马路的问题。那些曾于其他地方成功运用的方法在孩子们的脑海中闪现出来：比如采用交通工具静音设备、架设天桥、穿上荧光外套及采取限速措施等。所有的观点都很循规蹈矩，而这些恰恰也是老师们期望听到的结果。
只有一个人很特殊。有个学生建议学校董事会卖掉所有的财产，然后把课堂搬到网络上面。不过老师们可不希望这样。
这个想法也许并不成熟或者普遍，甚至是不可能的，于是他成了全班同学的笑柄。但我们应当注意到，那大概是仅有的一个敢被阐述出来的独立想法-这是又一个独立思想者之死。
特立独行的思想决非寻常--它绝对是无价的、独一无二的。你在报纸或电视上读到、看到的种种都不是什么独特的东西，无论我们在主流媒体上学到了什么，那都是生搬硬套的常规知识。在这个世界上，大多数情况下，没有任何一样事物是与众不同的。
而这是个悲剧—独立的思想对于进步来说不可或缺。通常的想法把我们一步步带向最好（最差就是迫使我们倒退），独立的思想则要人们表现出实质性的跨越。
从逻辑上看，当像别人那样思考时，我们能够期望得到的最佳结果只能是达到他们已经达到的。假使我们的目标是超越前人的功绩，就要拒绝平庸而不去想什么不可能。我们应当在惯性思维中变得与众不同。
幸运的是，独特思维并不需要所谓的过人之智，也不是非得受过良好的教育才能达到，想想小孩子们，惯性思维讲鞋是拿来穿在脚上而香蕉是要吃的，独特思维则使孩子们试着品尝鞋子然后把香蕉踩在脚下。尚未形成的惯性思维加上无忌的童言，他们在大人眼中就是这样，于是孩子们可以随心所欲地把自己的点子付诸实践。有时候孩子们也许会错，但某些情况下，他们会正确地叫你大吃一惊。
使用下面这5种策略，你就可以打造出自己的绝世思维。
1.切断惯性思维的源泉。
在把你的电视、电脑插上电源之前，在钻进图书馆翻阅资料之前，先自己想想。不断绝你同现实世界的联系，通过限制那些吸引你的常规思维，你就可以提高自己独立思考的能力。意思是减少媒体的使用，降低对其投入的程度。独立的思考者并不一定背道而驰，然而他们对于默认现状持反对的态度。为了好好地感知这个世界，而非仅仅透过显示器去看一切，他们会想出新标准。
2.投身到与你当前愿景相冲突的体验之中。
与其用一个新的普通想法替换掉那个旧的，不如有意找寻、创造一些挑战你观念的体验。他们可能存在于外族文化、罕见的亚文化之中，也可能就在你不愿苟同的那本书的某一页上。关键不是采用什么全新的思维，而是尽量使那条惯性的轨迹中断。
3.置身事外，远处观之。
先把日常生活抛在脑后，这样你就能无拘无束地站在另一个角度看待某些问题。旁观者清，跳出你的小世界，别沉陷于其中，才能心无旁骛地为自己想想。偶尔原地不动能提供给你嘲笑自己愚蠢信念的机会，同时也开拓出了新的视角。
4.随机化刺激你感觉的事物。
何不抖擞抖擞精神投身到崭新的体验当中？别总是去那些相同的地方、吃一成不变的食物，要么就是跟身边抬头不见低头见的那几个人说话。很多人都固执于熟悉的事物，以为能够简化问题并且构筑心中的安全感。如果你真想要独立地思考，就需要跳出自我的蜜罐。
5.习惯怀疑。
并非要变得愤世嫉俗或者玩世不恭，你可以开发一下自己本能的怀疑思维，这种习惯是取决于常规思维的。相对于假设这些“真相”是不言而喻的，干脆持怀疑态度，直到你能够用逻辑确定那就是不争的事实。
如若上述这些听上去都过于困难，那就考虑下自己可以从独立思维中收获什么。甚至那遗世独立的思想是只能在显微镜下才能依稀看到的一小步，也能增加你对于这个世界的贡献。你会看到其他人轻易就忽略了的机会和解答；你会比缺乏创造力的人拥有更大的竞争优势；最重要的是，你会造就属于你自己的思想，而不仅仅是媒体的陈词滥调。
独立地思考，然后给自己创造一个机会无限的世界。但千万别信我的话......自己去寻找吧。
10岁的小学生们坐满了整间教室，他们得按照要求解决一个关于上学途中安全过马路的问题。那些曾于其他地方成功运用的方法在孩子们的脑海中闪现出来：比如采用交通工具静音设备、架设天桥、穿上荧光外套及采取限速措施等。所有的观点都很循规蹈矩，而这些恰恰也是老师们期望听到的结果。
只有一个人很特殊。有个学生建议学校董事会卖掉所有的财产，然后把课堂搬到网络上面。不过老师们可不希望这样。
这个想法也许并不成熟或者普遍，甚至是不可能的，于是他成了全班同学的笑柄。但我们应当注意到，那大概是仅有的一个敢被阐述出来的独立想法-这是又一个独立思想者之死。
特立独行的思想决非寻常--它绝对是无价的、独一无二的。你在报纸或电视上读到、看到的种种都不是什么独特的东西，无论我们在主流媒体上学到了什么，那都是生搬硬套的常规知识。在这个世界上，大多数情况下，没有任何一样事物是与众不同的。
而这是个悲剧—独立的思想对于进步来说不可或缺。通常的想法把我们一步步带向最好（最差就是迫使我们倒退），独立的思想则要人们表现出实质性的跨越。
从逻辑上看，当像别人那样思考时，我们能够期望得到的最佳结果只能是达到他们已经达到的。假使我们的目标是超越前人的功绩，就要拒绝平庸而不去想什么不可能。我们应当在惯性思维中变得与众不同。
幸运的是，独特思维并不需要所谓的过人之智，也不是非得受过良好的教育才能达到，想想小孩子们，惯性思维讲鞋是拿来穿在脚上而香蕉是要吃的，独特思维则使孩子们试着品尝鞋子然后把香蕉踩在脚下。尚未形成的惯性思维加上无忌的童言，他们在大人眼中就是这样，于是孩子们可以随心所欲地把自己的点子付诸实践。有时候孩子们也许会错，但某些情况下，他们会正确地叫你大吃一惊。
使用下面这5种策略，你就可以打造出自己的绝世思维。
1.切断惯性思维的源泉。
在把你的电视、电脑插上电源之前，在钻进图书馆翻阅资料之前，先自己想想。不断绝你同现实世界的联系，通过限制那些吸引你的常规思维，你就可以提高自己独立思考的能力。意思是减少媒体的使用，降低对其投入的程度。独立的思考者并不一定背道而驰，然而他们对于默认现状持反对的态度。为了好好地感知这个世界，而非仅仅透过显示器去看一切，他们会想出新标准。
2.投身到与你当前愿景相冲突的体验之中。
与其用一个新的普通想法替换掉那个旧的，不如有意找寻、创造一些挑战你观念的体验。他们可能存在于外族文化、罕见的亚文化之中，也可能就在你不愿苟同的那本书的某一页上。关键不是采用什么全新的思维，而是尽量使那条惯性的轨迹中断。
3.置身事外，远处观之。
先把日常生活抛在脑后，这样你就能无拘无束地站在另一个角度看待某些问题。旁观者清，跳出你的小世界，别沉陷于其中，才能心无旁骛地为自己想想。偶尔原地不动能提供给你嘲笑自己愚蠢信念的机会，同时也开拓出了新的视角。
4.随机化刺激你感觉的事物。
何不抖擞抖擞精神投身到崭新的体验当中？别总是去那些相同的地方、吃一成不变的食物，要么就是跟身边抬头不见低头见的那几个人说话。很多人都固执于熟悉的事物，以为能够简化问题并且构筑心中的安全感。如果你真想要独立地思考，就需要跳出自我的蜜罐。
5.习惯怀疑。
并非要变得愤世嫉俗或者玩世不恭，你可以开发一下自己本能的怀疑思维，这种习惯是取决于常规思维的。相对于假设这些“真相”是不言而喻的，干脆持怀疑态度，直到你能够用逻辑确定那就是不争的事实。
如若上述这些听上去都过于困难，那就考虑下自己可以从独立思维中收获什么。甚至那遗世独立的思想是只能在显微镜下才能依稀看到的一小步，也能增加你对于这个世界的贡献。你会看到其他人轻易就忽略了的机会和解答；你会比缺乏创造力的人拥有更大的竞争优势；最重要的是，你会造就属于你自己的思想，而不仅仅是媒体的陈词滥调。
独立地思考，然后给自己创造一个机会无限的世界。但千万别信我的话......自己去寻找吧。
你得考考面试官的三个问题
面试不仅仅是你未来的老板评判你是否合适的手段。 它也是你考察这个公司是不是自己想待的地方的一种机制。 这里有一些问题你可以问问面试官，以便让自己了解到他们有着什么样的企业文化，以及管理者有哪些期望。
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很多人参加面试时，就像被车头灯晃到的鹿一般吓懵了，总是抱持着“请别让我说蠢话”的心态。 职场专家不知说过多少次了-面试既是公司掂量你有多少斤两的手段-你也可以掂量出公司有多大规模。既然这都没用，这种心态也是可以理解的。
有时，当人们试图衡量一家公司和它所提供的工作的大小的时候，判断总是极其错误。 一些面试者误解了这项任务，最终问出一些“我怎么样”之类的问题，比如公休政策是怎样的啊？吃饭时间有多久啊等等。考官欢迎面试者提问，真的，但你得学会问合适的问题。你问对了，所获得的反馈信息能帮助你重新调整自己的介绍。 下面是一些例子：
“对于我将要共事的人，您能告诉我些什么吗？”了解到考官是如何回答这个问题之后，你就可以侃侃而谈。介绍团队的时候她是不是充满了自豪？还是说员工的怪癖在她嘴里简直馨竹难书？也许这个问题会打开她的话匣子，数落起自己的属下是如何的不是，如何地缺乏生产力来。（这最后的答复会令你碰壁。 ）
“您要怎样的问题解决办法？ ”如果面试官回答说，他期望问题解决起来要迅雷不及掩耳，而你知道自己是那种考虑很周全的人，那么你显然可以察觉，你们两个的工作关系将会像水和油一样。如果你认为你的阴正好和他的阳互补（译者：老外也知道采阴补阳？呵呵），那就可以很好地工作，不过你还是要好好考虑一下的。
“您把什么视为您的部门或团队的最终目标？ ”好经理会回答是公司的价值和员工的满意度。 如果他回答说，他的最终目标是不要把事情搞砸了，不能越雷池一步，您应该就可以推断，这种文化无法支撑成长。 如果这个问题引起面试官转向其个人的职业目标，你要能意识到。（实际上这在我身上发生过一次。经过了他长达20分钟的独白之后，我想挥挥手对他说： “嗨，还记得我吗 ？ ” ）
希望这有助于您的下一次的面试。
---------------------------------------
很多人参加面试时，就像被车头灯晃到的鹿一般吓懵了，总是抱持着“请别让我说蠢话”的心态。 职场专家不知说过多少次了-面试既是公司掂量你有多少斤两的手段-你也可以掂量出公司有多大规模。既然这都没用，这种心态也是可以理解的。
有时，当人们试图衡量一家公司和它所提供的工作的大小的时候，判断总是极其错误。 一些面试者误解了这项任务，最终问出一些“我怎么样”之类的问题，比如公休政策是怎样的啊？吃饭时间有多久啊等等。考官欢迎面试者提问，真的，但你得学会问合适的问题。你问对了，所获得的反馈信息能帮助你重新调整自己的介绍。 下面是一些例子：
“对于我将要共事的人，您能告诉我些什么吗？”了解到考官是如何回答这个问题之后，你就可以侃侃而谈。介绍团队的时候她是不是充满了自豪？还是说员工的怪癖在她嘴里简直馨竹难书？也许这个问题会打开她的话匣子，数落起自己的属下是如何的不是，如何地缺乏生产力来。（这最后的答复会令你碰壁。 ）
“您要怎样的问题解决办法？ ”如果面试官回答说，他期望问题解决起来要迅雷不及掩耳，而你知道自己是那种考虑很周全的人，那么你显然可以察觉，你们两个的工作关系将会像水和油一样。如果你认为你的阴正好和他的阳互补（译者：老外也知道采阴补阳？呵呵），那就可以很好地工作，不过你还是要好好考虑一下的。
“您把什么视为您的部门或团队的最终目标？ ”好经理会回答是公司的价值和员工的满意度。 如果他回答说，他的最终目标是不要把事情搞砸了，不能越雷池一步，您应该就可以推断，这种文化无法支撑成长。 如果这个问题引起面试官转向其个人的职业目标，你要能意识到。（实际上这在我身上发生过一次。经过了他长达20分钟的独白之后，我想挥挥手对他说： “嗨，还记得我吗 ？ ” ）
希望这有助于您的下一次的面试。
2009年1月5日星期一
不可贪吃醉溪蟹
肺吸虫病是由卫氏并殖吸虫寄生所致的一种人兽共患的自然疫源性寄生虫病，分布于我国20余个省（区），病人和野生动物为主的储存（保虫）宿主是本病主要传染源。卫氏并殖吸虫囊蚴在溪蟹体内阳性率高，由于山区疫区有生吃或半生吃溪蟹的习惯，如浙江一些山区，有人早上从溪滩捡来溪蟹，用酒醉，晚餐就吃。而腌、醉并不能将蟹中囊蚴杀死，等于生吃，故这类吃法最危险。囊蚴脱囊后，童虫穿过肠壁游窜，童虫进入肺后引起病变。
最近，据余姚市疾控中心开展疫区卫氏并殖吸虫人群和中间宿主感染率调查，结果表明，人群无卫氏并殖吸虫感染，而山区溪流内的溪蟹卫氏并殖吸虫囊蚴两年的感染率均在50%以上。经过几十年的积极防治，卫氏肺吸虫病疫情早已得到了有效控制。但近年来，某些地区城乡居民生吃或半生吃水产品（包括溪蟹）似乎又盛行起来，卫氏肺吸虫病的发病率也呈上升趋势。尤其随着“农家乐”旅游与餐饮业的开发，城里人和外地客不少对于美味可口的“醉溪蟹”的危害并不十分清楚，因而受到青睐而贪吃，严重影响着人们的健康。同时，临床医生对肺吸虫病时有误诊，导致治疗不当，这就可能给患者带来更多的痛苦和经济损失。为此，人们一定要遏制不良饮食习惯，千万不可贪吃“醉溪蟹”。
最近，据余姚市疾控中心开展疫区卫氏并殖吸虫人群和中间宿主感染率调查，结果表明，人群无卫氏并殖吸虫感染，而山区溪流内的溪蟹卫氏并殖吸虫囊蚴两年的感染率均在50%以上。经过几十年的积极防治，卫氏肺吸虫病疫情早已得到了有效控制。但近年来，某些地区城乡居民生吃或半生吃水产品（包括溪蟹）似乎又盛行起来，卫氏肺吸虫病的发病率也呈上升趋势。尤其随着“农家乐”旅游与餐饮业的开发，城里人和外地客不少对于美味可口的“醉溪蟹”的危害并不十分清楚，因而受到青睐而贪吃，严重影响着人们的健康。同时，临床医生对肺吸虫病时有误诊，导致治疗不当，这就可能给患者带来更多的痛苦和经济损失。为此，人们一定要遏制不良饮食习惯，千万不可贪吃“醉溪蟹”。
2008年9月3日星期三
2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
Section I Use of English
Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C， and D on ANSWER SHEET 1 （10 points）
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million __1__ of these nations looked __2__ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism， many of the leaders of independence __3__ the ideas of representative government， careers __4__ to talent， freedom of commerce and trade， the __5__ to private property， and a belief in the individual as the basis of society， __6__ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states， large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a __7__ set of laws.
On the issue of __8__ of religion and the position of the church，__9__ ，there was less agreement __10__ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one __11__ by the Spanish crown，__12__ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism __13__ the official religion of the new states， some sought to end the __14__ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying __15__ for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian， valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had __16__ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's __17__ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much __18__ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies __19__ Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __20__ self-rule and democracy.
1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully
3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred
20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text 1 [410 words]
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks， you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses： a） certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b） winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c） soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d） none of the above.
Anders Ericsson， a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University， says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden， and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago， involved memory： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving， and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits， including soccer. They gather all the data they can， not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion： the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word “mania” （Line 4， Paragraph 2） most probably means
[A] fun.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
23. According to Ericsson good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？
[A] “Faith will move mountains.”
[B] “One reaps what one sows.”
[C] “Practice makes perfect.”
[D] “Like father， like son”
Text 2 [451 words]
For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant， who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old； that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies， to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and to deduce numerical sequences， among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as， What's the difference between love and fondness？ Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？ It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly， intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart？ How much of intelligence can be specified， and how much can we learn about it from neurology， genetics， computer science and other fields？
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score， even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms： the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and children's version）。 Generally costing several hundred dollars， they are usually given only by psychologists， although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible， because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks， rather tan simply dividing the mental are by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests， such as the Scholastic Assessment Test （SAT） and the Graduate Record Exam （GRE）， capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life， argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing？”. Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge， components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover， IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions， but under high-stress conditions. IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is it predicted the opposite. Anyone who bas toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters， whether it‘s knowing when to guess or what questions of skip.
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test？
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3？
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests？
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
Text 3 [421 words]
During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip， a bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation， millions of mothers have gone to work， transforming basic family economics. Scholars， policymakers， and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes， but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner （usually Mom） who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today， a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period， families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers， airline employees， and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates， stock market fluctuation， and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families， the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers， with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective， much of this， understandably， looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility， and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun， and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32. As a result of President Bush's reform， retired people may have
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest.
[D] a guaranteed future.
33. According go the author， health-savings plans will
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B] popularize among the middle class.
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D] increase the families investment risk.
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text？
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
Text 4 [416 words]
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles， and improved their feeble corporation governance， a new problem threatens to earn them- especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite： data insecurity. Left， until now， to odd， low-level IT staff to put right， and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking， telecoms and air travel， information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year- from organizations as diverse as Time Warner， the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.” says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school “The ability guard customer data is the key to market value， which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders” Indeed， just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （GAAP）。 perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices， suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security， redundancy， and recovery is a management issue， not a technical one.” he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest exccutive that trust， that most valuable of economic assets， is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty （in America， but not Europe） for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law. American firms did not have to tell anyone， even the victim， when data went astray， I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C. Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America， disclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
36. The statement： “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
37. According to Paragraph 2， some organizations check their systems to find out
[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
[A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to.
[B] information protection should be given due attention.
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39. According to Paragraph 4， what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
[A] see the link between trust and data protection.
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B] FTC's decision is essential to data security.
[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D] legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.
Part B
Directions：
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41——45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids
B. Build Your Kid's Work Skills
C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
G. Build Your Kids Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help？
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content， the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures， drawn from my book Ready or Not， Here Life Comes， that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unread ness”。
41. _________________________________
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
42. _________________________________
Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
43. _________________________________
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn； parents should e responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
44. _________________________________
Paying video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jods.
45. _________________________________
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood？ Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult （as na？ve or ill conceived as it may seem） while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must fell that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. （46）Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. （47）On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.
（48）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. （49）In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. （50） While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions：Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. （10 points）
Part B
52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1） describe the drawing briefly, 2） explain its intended meaning, and then
3） support your view with an example/ examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）
Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C， and D on ANSWER SHEET 1 （10 points）
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million __1__ of these nations looked __2__ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism， many of the leaders of independence __3__ the ideas of representative government， careers __4__ to talent， freedom of commerce and trade， the __5__ to private property， and a belief in the individual as the basis of society， __6__ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states， large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a __7__ set of laws.
On the issue of __8__ of religion and the position of the church，__9__ ，there was less agreement __10__ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one __11__ by the Spanish crown，__12__ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism __13__ the official religion of the new states， some sought to end the __14__ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying __15__ for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian， valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had __16__ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's __17__ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much __18__ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies __19__ Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __20__ self-rule and democracy.
1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully
3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred
20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）
Text 1 [410 words]
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks， you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses： a） certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b） winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c） soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d） none of the above.
Anders Ericsson， a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University， says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden， and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago， involved memory： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving， and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits， including soccer. They gather all the data they can， not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion： the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word “mania” （Line 4， Paragraph 2） most probably means
[A] fun.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
23. According to Ericsson good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？
[A] “Faith will move mountains.”
[B] “One reaps what one sows.”
[C] “Practice makes perfect.”
[D] “Like father， like son”
Text 2 [451 words]
For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant， who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old； that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies， to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and to deduce numerical sequences， among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as， What's the difference between love and fondness？ Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？ It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly， intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart？ How much of intelligence can be specified， and how much can we learn about it from neurology， genetics， computer science and other fields？
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score， even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms： the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and children's version）。 Generally costing several hundred dollars， they are usually given only by psychologists， although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible， because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks， rather tan simply dividing the mental are by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests， such as the Scholastic Assessment Test （SAT） and the Graduate Record Exam （GRE）， capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life， argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing？”. Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge， components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover， IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions， but under high-stress conditions. IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is it predicted the opposite. Anyone who bas toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters， whether it‘s knowing when to guess or what questions of skip.
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test？
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3？
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests？
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
Text 3 [421 words]
During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip， a bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation， millions of mothers have gone to work， transforming basic family economics. Scholars， policymakers， and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes， but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner （usually Mom） who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today， a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period， families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers， airline employees， and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates， stock market fluctuation， and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families， the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers， with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective， much of this， understandably， looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility， and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun， and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32. As a result of President Bush's reform， retired people may have
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest.
[D] a guaranteed future.
33. According go the author， health-savings plans will
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B] popularize among the middle class.
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D] increase the families investment risk.
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text？
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
Text 4 [416 words]
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles， and improved their feeble corporation governance， a new problem threatens to earn them- especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite： data insecurity. Left， until now， to odd， low-level IT staff to put right， and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking， telecoms and air travel， information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year- from organizations as diverse as Time Warner， the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.” says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school “The ability guard customer data is the key to market value， which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders” Indeed， just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （GAAP）。 perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices， suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security， redundancy， and recovery is a management issue， not a technical one.” he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest exccutive that trust， that most valuable of economic assets， is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty （in America， but not Europe） for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law. American firms did not have to tell anyone， even the victim， when data went astray， I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C. Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America， disclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
36. The statement： “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
37. According to Paragraph 2， some organizations check their systems to find out
[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
[A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to.
[B] information protection should be given due attention.
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39. According to Paragraph 4， what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
[A] see the link between trust and data protection.
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B] FTC's decision is essential to data security.
[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D] legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.
Part B
Directions：
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41——45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids
B. Build Your Kid's Work Skills
C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
G. Build Your Kids Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help？
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content， the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures， drawn from my book Ready or Not， Here Life Comes， that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unread ness”。
41. _________________________________
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
42. _________________________________
Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
43. _________________________________
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn； parents should e responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
44. _________________________________
Paying video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jods.
45. _________________________________
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood？ Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult （as na？ve or ill conceived as it may seem） while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must fell that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. （46）Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. （47）On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.
（48）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. （49）In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. （50） While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions：Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. （10 points）
Part B
52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1） describe the drawing briefly, 2） explain its intended meaning, and then
3） support your view with an example/ examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）
考研英语阅读命题思路透析
模式一
第一部分：提出一个现存的需要解决问题；
第二部分：分析问题产生的原因，存在的因素以及可能的解决方案，作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案，但是之后作者自己认可的那种方案才是文章的重点和主题
第三部分：对问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者支持的那种解决办法。
例文：1999年Passage 2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company' s private internet .
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
模式二
第一部分：把开头分为两段，第一段不直接进入要论述的问题和作者的观点，而是通过一个引子展开，或讲述一个有趣的故事、或交待一些背景知识，到了第二段才正式提出问题，因此在这种情况下考生要避免直接去第一段找主旨，而是要通过阅读全文正确地定位主题所在段落；
第二部分：对提出的问题进行论述；
第三部分：得出结论，总结全文。
例文：1994年Passage 2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprise, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
文章第一段通篇在谈论信用卡服务的优点，而第二段的第一句话才是主题句，指出了使用计算机的便利，因为信用卡的便利正式由于计算机技术的发展和普及带来的。
模式三
第一部分：提出问题，作者将要对该问题的存在进行指责和批判；
第二部分：从各个方面或者各个层次对问题进行反驳；
第三部分：指出问题存在根本原因、可能带来的后果、相应的改进措施、或者正确的看法和观点等。
例文：这类反证类的文章至今还没有在考研真题中出现过，但是考生应该对这种模式有所了解。
此外，考研阅读理解的文章一般都会有比较清晰的行文脉络，掌握这些规律也会有助于对文章整体的把握，甚至还可以帮助考生预见文章中可能会出现的观点和发展方向。
常见的行文脉络有以下几种：
一般--具体：文章开头先提出一个总的抽象的概念或者观点，接下来的各个段落具体说明第一段的观点，把抽象的概念具体化到一些事件上。
具体--一般：文章开头提出一个具体的问题或者事件，接下来几段从各个方面分别说明，最后一点进行总结并把观点抽象到一般的层面。
时间顺序：这种行文脉络出现在自然科学类的文章中比较多，一般通过时间先后顺序来说明某一种理论的发展或者某一项研究的进展程度。
对比：这类文章的主要目的目的在于对比两种观点、两个事物的共同点或者差异等。
第一部分：提出一个现存的需要解决问题；
第二部分：分析问题产生的原因，存在的因素以及可能的解决方案，作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案，但是之后作者自己认可的那种方案才是文章的重点和主题
第三部分：对问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者支持的那种解决办法。
例文：1999年Passage 2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company' s private internet .
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
模式二
第一部分：把开头分为两段，第一段不直接进入要论述的问题和作者的观点，而是通过一个引子展开，或讲述一个有趣的故事、或交待一些背景知识，到了第二段才正式提出问题，因此在这种情况下考生要避免直接去第一段找主旨，而是要通过阅读全文正确地定位主题所在段落；
第二部分：对提出的问题进行论述；
第三部分：得出结论，总结全文。
例文：1994年Passage 2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprise, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
文章第一段通篇在谈论信用卡服务的优点，而第二段的第一句话才是主题句，指出了使用计算机的便利，因为信用卡的便利正式由于计算机技术的发展和普及带来的。
模式三
第一部分：提出问题，作者将要对该问题的存在进行指责和批判；
第二部分：从各个方面或者各个层次对问题进行反驳；
第三部分：指出问题存在根本原因、可能带来的后果、相应的改进措施、或者正确的看法和观点等。
例文：这类反证类的文章至今还没有在考研真题中出现过，但是考生应该对这种模式有所了解。
此外，考研阅读理解的文章一般都会有比较清晰的行文脉络，掌握这些规律也会有助于对文章整体的把握，甚至还可以帮助考生预见文章中可能会出现的观点和发展方向。
常见的行文脉络有以下几种：
一般--具体：文章开头先提出一个总的抽象的概念或者观点，接下来的各个段落具体说明第一段的观点，把抽象的概念具体化到一些事件上。
具体--一般：文章开头提出一个具体的问题或者事件，接下来几段从各个方面分别说明，最后一点进行总结并把观点抽象到一般的层面。
时间顺序：这种行文脉络出现在自然科学类的文章中比较多，一般通过时间先后顺序来说明某一种理论的发展或者某一项研究的进展程度。
对比：这类文章的主要目的目的在于对比两种观点、两个事物的共同点或者差异等。
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